Macao Policy for Constructing Lifelong Learning Society/City after become
S.A.R. of China
(Report in EAFAE, Jan 22-23, 2015)
By Lawrence Tsui , President of Macao Association
for Continuing Education
  1. MACAO S. A. R. GOVERNMENT POLICY AND PRACTICE ON LIFEONG EDUCATION / LEARNING (1999-2011).

YEAR 1999 
                Macau S.A.R. was formally established on 20th December, 1999. But before that day, the first Chief Executive, Mr. Edmund Ho HauWah was the candidate to run for this position and mentioned lifelong education in his policy on ' Education, Youth and Profession' that "....There is no age limitation for education, therefore S.A.R. Government should create conditions to develop adult education and training, so that lifelong education in Macao can be promoted and generalized. The culture of having the habit to 'read' should also be encouraged...." 
                At that time, three components of lifelong education were essential to Mr. Ho, namely, adult education , on-the- job training and the culture and habit of 'reading'.  
YEAR 2000 
                In early 2000, after Mr. Ho successfully won the election to become Chief Executive of Macau S.A.R. and formed his cabinet. His Secretary for Social and Cultural Affairs publicized the 2000 Education Policy that Macao S.A.R..Government will "....enforce the development of higher education for adults and promote the concept of lifelong education. For this goal, special attention will be paid to the needs of continuing training and university level continuing education."  
While in the 2000 Policy on General Education, it was written under the topic of ‘Direction for
Development of Lifelong Education’ that ".relating to Lifelong Education, emphasis will be put upon planning, training and information provision of recurrent education and continuing/social education. At the same time, private sector will be encouraged to take initiative in this aspect." Recurrent Education in Macao, defined by the Decree Law 32/95/M, in fact included a flexible way similar to 'credit bank' for adults to earn recognized primary and/or secondary education standard. It is true that more higher education institutions were found or prepared since 2000. And a few more adult secondary schools were also established before or after the founding of S.A.R. to accommodate the sudden growth of adult students who were currently low-rank government employees who used to be employed by former Portuguese Government, especially those employed by different departments of the security force who had only primary education standard. 
YEAR 2001
           In the abstract of 2001 Education Policy of Macao S.A.R. Government, it stated that "... In order to adapt to the needs of social development, education will take a further step towards an education system which is multi-channelized and lifelong oriented. We (Macao Government) will : organize more courses on continuing education and higher education for adults; establish a better recurrent education system; try our best to eradicate illiteracy: upgrade the quality of vocational and special education."  
           Although there was nothing new in 2001 policy, the General Education Directorate had started to organize a small scale "Lifelong Education Day" in this year. 
YEAR 2002 
           Inside the 2002 Policy Paper for the General Education System, there was an unique topic called "Resource Development on Lifelong Education". It stated that the government will, "..... established a closer relationship with schools and associations to develop, open-up and utilize existing resources of lifelong education, especially on the resources of schools. Government will also: encourage more research and plan for the future lifelong education system of Macao; increase the opportunity for learning; establish more systematic and practical training mechanism; pay attention to the training of citizens on information, languages, communication and management. Through the multi-cultural and multimedia education activities, deepen citizens' knowledge on culture and art; promote health education; strengthen individual ability and actualize their potentiality. No matter whether educational activities are done through formal, non-formal or informal way, the purpose is to guarantee that they are better implemented for the purpose of upgrading citizens' ability, legal knowledge, environmental sensibility patriotism, community involvement, as well as global perspectives. In order to attend these goals, we (government) will try our best to provide enough educational support and facilities; to publish a series of adult education material and research periodicals; encourage citizens to nourish the habit of lifelong learning; create conditions to actualize ‘Education for All’; prepare Macao to step towards a learning society which is healthy and enthusiastic ".  
           This was the first time Macao Government to use such a long statement to describe so many different goals, purposes, aspects, methods and ways of lifelong education. In fact, some experts from Taiwan had been contracted by the Macao government to help to establish ‘Indicators for Ability of Adult Educators’ for Macao ; the government periodical called ‘Lifelong Learning’ was also started to publish and the Lifelong Education Day had been prolonged to be a Lifelong Learning Week in this year.
YEAR 2003 
           For 2003, Higher Education Policy stated that " All higher education institutions will : push toward plans of lifelong learning, up-grade citizen's cultural and technical standard. Macao University (the government university), will explore to establish a School for Continuing Education...." All 3 government higher education institutions will continue to run the vocational-technical training courses: pay attention to the practicality of these training courses to meet the needs of the society. In order to upgrade citizen's culture and knowledge, all institutions will: develop relevant department, open a wide variety of courses and to encourage citizens' lifelong learning."  
           In the General Education Policy under the topic of ‘Development of Lifelong Education’, it was stated that "....In order to secure the orderly development of lifelong education in Macau, government will: use some mechanism of encouragement and regulating, to enrich the resource of lifelong education and guarantee the quality of lifelong education. For this purpose, government will provide venues to encourage newly set-up lifelong education institutions and will regulate the training activities for trainers in order to guarantee the quality of teaching and learning."  
           Obviously, Macao Government had a better conceptual understanding of lifelong learning and the ‘Lifelong Learning Week’ held in this year had been expanded to include libraries, museums, youth centers, community centers and environmental information centers besides formal and non-formal educational institutions. 
YEAR 2004 
           Government outline for the 2004 Policy stated that: "Government needs a thorough review of Education System Law. Government will: aim at upgrading the knowledge and values of students, promote the culture and habit to ‘Read’....It is necessary to: integrate vocational aspects into lifelong education, construct Macao to become a Lifelong (Non-stop) Learning City in order to upgrade the quality of education. Values like multiculturalism, tolerance, acceptance, etc have to be maintained in Macao society. We need to generalize these values through education from nursery to university, and from basic to lifelong education."  
           In the Action Plan of 2004 Education Policy, it stated that: “ In order to let student get the fun of ‘reading’ and then nourish their habit of lifelong learning; plans like: ‘different generations read together’ and ‘teachers and students read together’ will be promoted.”  
           “On the other hand, indicators for Adult Educators will be used to train and professionalize adult educators in Macao. Macao Government in order to provide resource for lifelong learning of citizens….upgrade the quality of Macao citizens.”  
           Besides ‘Lifelong Learning Week’, a plan called ‘Lifelong Learning Award’(something similar to Taiwan’s ‘Lifelong Learning Passport’ was initiated in 2004 to encourage citizens to participate in more learning activities.  
YEAR 2005
           In 2005, there was nothing new in the Education Policy related to Lifelong Education / Learning. But a more broad policy called ‘the Holistic Quality of Life’ was announced and a ‘Research Centre on Quality of Life’ was set up directly under the Chief Executive which would probably give a new light and approach to Lifelong Learning and / or Learning Society that the goals might possibly be promoted and coordinated by the Chief Executive himself instead of being only the goals of the educational sector.  
           It is a matter of fact that when Mr. Edmund Ho ran for his 2nd term of Chief Executive in mid-2004, he had put ‘upgrading the holistic quality of life of Macao citizen’ as important as ‘actualizing the mission of One Country Two Systems in Macao. He said that : “ Macao economy has started to progress in a rapid way, but the living standard and quality of life cannot keep pace with this fast development…. If I can lead the Macao S.A.R. Government again in this new term, I shall work together with our citizens for upgrading their holistic quality of life.” He tried to define ‘the Holistic Quality of Life’ to be “.... it relates closely with the indicators of liberal development…and at least it should include elements like : health, social welfare, culture, education, sport, city planning, condition of living, public transport, environmental protection…And level of civilization and social values are on the top of all these elements.”
           He emphasized that “The upgrading of the holistic quality of life of Macao citizens needs the hard work of the whole society. Government will work closely together with NGOs to strengthen civic education, upgrade the cultural integrity of citizens, constructing social values like: patriotism, kindness, honesty, unity, mutual-understanding, enthusiasm…so that we can guarantee the growth of our new generation, as well as to guarantee the social stability and sustainable development of Macao S.A.R.”
           In his policy on Education, Mr. Edmund Ho stressed that “…promote strongly Moral Education of students, including: personal integrity and civic consciousness; strengthen physical education and training, sot that students’ physical health, intelligence, mentality…etc can grow in a positive way…raise the self- awareness and ability of adolescent so that they can resist the seduces of gambling, drugs and pornography. Give support to students who have difficulty to finish basic education as a way to protect their educational right… strengthen continuing education and the concept of (non-stop) lifelong learning, try best to create and construct a Learning Society. 
           This terminology ‘Learning Society’ was the first time to be used in his document as well as in the S.A.R. Government though he did mention the term of Learning City’ before.
YEAR 2006 
           On Nov. 22, 2005, Mr. Edmund Ho gave his Policy Address for the coming Year 2006. He began put ‘Constructing Learning Society’ in the Part III of his address that called “Be practical to face the challenge, and work together to construct”. In this part, he promised: “.... positive competition is helpful to promote a holistic upgrading of quality of the whole Macau. On one hand, we have to pay attention to invest to affairs of general public, but on the other hand, we cannot do it mechanically. With competition and initiative, we can exchange for sustainable harmony, stability and progress. Viewing the rapid external and internal changing factors, Macau government will work together with social power, to construct ‘Learning Society’ as soon as possible, and all rank of government officers should act the role as model for this.  
The Holistic Quality of Life of Citizens mentioned this time in the area of ‘Economic Development’ and emphasis was put upon nourishment of ‘competitive ability instead of what he mentioned during his campaign for his 2m term. This time he said: “ In order to push forward our economy, we shall pay special attention on the quality and sustainability aspects of our economic development….try best to transform the results of economic development for the upgrading of citizens’ holistic quality of life.” 
           As a matter of fact, Free Education started to extend to 15 years (from kindergarten to senior secondary 3) instead of the existing 9-year free education (from primary 1 to junior secondary 3) in September of 2006 when the new academic year commenced. But for the adult senior secondary school students, only a flat rate of MOP$ 5,000 subsidy was given to adult students in this year. However, a new Continuing Education Subsidy Scheme was introduced which functions to subsidize adults to take short continuing / adult / community courses with the highest subsidy up to 80% of the course fee. This scheme was formally commenced in Sept. 2007. Subsidy was given to learners through Education / Training NPOs only. 
YEAR 2007
           In his Policy Address for 2007, Edmund Ho put ‘Learning Society’ in the economic paragraph which is under III. Human Resource. He emphasized that “…Our government believes that construct Learning Society is helpful to lower the pressure of structural unemployment, to upgrade the quality of citizens and to upgrade the holistic and sustainable ability to compete. Therefore, our government will further encourage citizens to upgrade their level of education, their ability to learn and their ability to adjust. In the year of (2007) our government has established a special fund which is to subsidize citizens, especially young citizens and those citizens who have not finished their basic education, to participate in the on-the-job vocational training scheme.’ 
           A new Non-Higher Education Law was passed and published which specified that Non-Higher Education is composed by 2 major parts, namely Formal Education and Continuing Education and this law also concretizes that lifelong education system is composed of Community, Recurrent School and Family Education. 
YEAR 2008 
           In the Detail Educational Policy prepared by the Secretary of Social and Cultural Affairs, Dr. Choi Sai On, under the Third Topic : Deepen the work of Education and promote a Holistic Development of Human Being’, it has been mentioned in the 6th paragraph that “Macau S. A. R. government will continue to strongly promote the development of Continuing Education through strategy implementation, funding and staff training (including teachers training), we shall strengthen recurrent education, community education and all other educational  and training means that are outside the Formal Education System in order to construct Macau to be a ‘Learning City’ and upgrade her ability to compete.”
YEAR 2009 
           Because of the Financial Tsunami happened in 2008, Economic sectors have got most attention of the Macau government. In the 2009 Policy address , Mr. Edmund Ho mentioned in the 8th paragraph of the Economic Policy that ;”…our government will invest more to open practical and job-oriented training courses, in order to promote the good quality of human resources and also to help employees to upgrade their ability to compete. 
YEAR 2010
           Mr. Edmond Ho after 2 terms of being Chief Executive of Macao stepped down and Dr. Fernando Choi had become the 3rd term Chief Executive of Macao. While he was candidate, he publicly announced that Macao should build a “Learning Society”. In his Policy Address of Year 2010, he did not specifically mention on this in the part of Education, but he promised to implement the Policy of the past Chief Executive as well as what he said in the public. Now, Chief Executive policy emphasized more on the internal training of government directors, bureaus and officers.
YEAR 2011
           A brand new idea of subsidizing Continuing Education was introduced by the new Chief Executive Choi in his Policy Address for 2011 that : “Launch of the ‘Continuing Education Development Programme’ to encourage residents to pursue continuing education and training courses.  Under the programme, which is estimated to cost 500 million patacas, Macao residents aged 15 or above will receive a subsidy for a period of three years, subject to a maximum ceiling of Mop$ 5000  per applicant. ”This new idea was welcomed but was also criticized to be not enough to for learning specific skill and the government later announced that the maximum ceiling of 5000 is for 2 years instead of 3 years and after the 1st trial period of 2 years, the government would evaluate and make adjustment according to the actual needs of the Macao society. 
           This new Programme was formally commenced in September 2011, and learners can spend this government subsidy not only in the education/training NPOs but can also in Pos. This change was good that it really encouraged learning happened not only in NPOs registered in Education Directorate, but it was also criticized to waste government money to those well-off people because almost 25 % of the subsidized courses belonged to the profit-making car-driving schools. People who were learning driving are mostly non-poor people who could1 afford to buy cars in the future.
YEAR 2012
In order to update the Adult Education Decree Law published in 1995, Macao Gov’t Education Bureau pushed forward a ‘General Principles of Continuing Education’. For the purpose of ‘Constructing Learning Society’, Macao Gov’t also pushed forward on ‘Pilot Project of Learning Community’. Parents and Elderly Education Real had been started to become important triples of the year. Culture Bureau which in charge of Libraries, emphasized the promoting of free reading via internet. This Bureau also investing to train human resources for ‘Creative Industry’ which was one of the most important industries that the Macao Gov’t wanted to develop beside ‘Gambling & Tourism Industries’.
YEAR 2013
           Under education Policy 2.2.7 “Globally Implore Continuing Education, Construct Lifelong Learning Society” Gov’t plans to evaluate the ‘Continuing Education Development Programme’ in order to implement in better. The Programme aimed at improving individual quality of as well as vocational/professional skills of residents. For the sake of approaching to Lifelong learning Society, other activities like “Lifelong Learning Award”, “Lifelong Learning Week” or “Lifelong Learning Magazines” and “Pilot Projects of Learning Community” would be continued in this year.
YEAR 2014
       The 1st 3-year stage (2011-2013) of “Continuing Education Development Programme” finished and Gov’t continued this 2nd stage of this programme for another 3 years (2014-2017) and the subsidy to individual was raised to MOP$6,000.00 ($1000 more than 1st stage). This year Gov’t emphasized more on “Vocational Education” to meet the future `Diversification of Industries in Macao’ (besides Gambling and Tourism Industries). A new ‘Vocational Education Practice Centre’ would be built for Practicum part of vocational skill training.
           The Chief Executive/Dr. Fernando Choi also ran for next 5-year term (2015-2019), he promised that if he could have another term, he would “fight for more percentage of total Budget for Education, work hard to improve the existing 15 years free education and thoroughly implement the `10-year priority development plan of education’ which included promoting lifelong learning in formal and non-formal education sectors.

II.  FUNCTIONAL ISSUES FOR CONSTRUCTING SOCIETY/CITY  BY  MACAO S.A.R.         GOVERNMENT.

  1. 2000:Philosophy and Belief of the 1st Chief Executive that “People learning and Reading are important activities for the development of Macao”.
  2. 2001:Start to commemorate “Lifelong Learning Day”.
  3. 2002:The term and value “Learning Society” was put in the Policy address2004:Lifelong Learning Award Scheme started to encourage adult learners.
  4. 2005:Emphasis put on “construct Macao to be a Learning City”.
  5. 2006:Free 15 years kindergarten, primary and secondary Education for all formal schooling.  Though for adults, only free primary and junior secondary education; yet for senior secondary education for adults a flat subsidy of MOP$ 5000 started to grand to adult learners. Promise to construct ‘Learning Society’ by government together with social initiatives.
  6. 2007:New Education Law was publicized in early January which confirm the importance of Community Education and Family Education. Continuing Education Subsidy Scheme was started in September this year to subsidize Macao citizens who do their learning in the recognized NPOs of Macao.
  7. 2008:Secretary for Social and Cultural Affairs, Dr. Choi (who is now the Chief Executive) promises to strengthen Non-formal Education and then together with Formal Education to construct Macao to be a ‘Learning City’.
  8. 2010:The 2nd Chief Executive, Dr. Choi, publicly promised to continue the former Chief Executive’s  promise to construct ‘Learning Society’ when he was candidate for this position.
  9. 2011: New Continuing Education (Subsidizing) Programs introduced and started in September 2011, that every citizens aged 15 and up can enjoy MOP$5000 given by the government to learn all recognized courses run by all kind of education institutions.
  10. 2012:Policy of Lifelong/Continuing Education working focus on : making draft of “ General Principles of Continuing Education” & “Pilot Project for Learning Community” , promoting “reading” internet activity, training of human resources for “Creative Industry”.
  11. 2013: “Policy of Lifelong/Continuing Education has complied in : Evaluate 3-year (2011-13) “Continuing Education Development Programme”, Strengthen the aspects in “Lifelong Learning Award ”, “Lifelong learning Week ”, “Lifelong Learning Magazine ”, and implemented “Pilot Project for Learning Community ”.
  12. 2014: Policy of Lifelong/Continuing Education has started 2nd stage of “Continuing Education Development Programme ”, raised the individual Subsidy to MOP$6000 (US$750) comparing with 1st stage of US$625 , and emphasized Raiment Vocational Education and New spills training for workers to change job mainly from Casino dealers to other industries .
  13. 2015-2019 Policy to Education Sector of newly elected Chief Executive on three developing directions : occupies more percentage by Education in the total budget of Government, improve the existing 15-year free education (from Kindergarten to Senior High School ) and adults free education (from Primary to Senior High School), implement the “10-year Priority Plan of Education” which include Adult/Continuing Education and promote of Lifelong Learning Concepts and skills in Junior and Senior formal high schools. 

III.  COMMENTS TO THE FUTURE POLICY AND PRACTICE OF MACAO S.A.R.  RELATED TO THE CONSTRUCTING OF LEARNING SOCIETY / CITY. 
           Because of the influence of European Community, Macao Portuguese Government had a better understanding of Lifelong Education and had put related concepts into the Education Law of Macao in 1991.Also the Decree Law made in 1995 on Adult Education was also applicable to Macao actual situation in the 90s when the general population educational standard was rather low, putting the cause of equivalent mechanism maintainer in this Adult Education Decree Law has never been implemented till now.
           The new S. A. R. Government took over Macao on Dec. 20, 1999 and more or less inherited some practice of the Portuguese Government. Lifelong Learning was hot in the educational sector and the new government tried to do something relevant. However, there might be some confusion between their understanding on ‘Lifelong Education’ and Adult Education’ and sometimes they just treated them as similar thing and put them under the administration of one division of the Education Department. 
           In late 2002 when the economy of Macao was rather bad, the government tried to use ‘learning culture and technique’ to be a tool to solve the problem of unemployment. Unemployed citizens just participated in the courses opened by the government and they can get an allowance which is almost equivalent to the salary of a non-skill worker in Macao at that time. Lifelong Learning was a good term to justify this action of the Government. 
           In 2003 and 2004, after the disaster of SARS (kind of transferable sickness), and the issuance of more licenses for casinos, Macao’s economy grew in a very fast way. Cost of real estate was up drastically. Government announced that Casino Industry had become the “Dragon Head Industry’ of Macao and suddenly there were not enough human resources for this ‘Industry’. With the attraction of high salary, many young dropouts from schools and joined the industry. Then the Chief Executive in 2005 threw out a new concept called “the Holistic Quality of Life of Macao Citizens” which aims at upgrade also the total human quality of Macao population.
           With more and more pressure from the foreign investors that there is not enough skilled workers to fill the forthcoming vacancies of new hotels, convention centers and casinos. The Chief Executive seemed to put all his effort to Human Resource Development instead of building a Lifelong Learning Society. 
           The Government always emphasized that when there is economic development, there should be social development. Before the Action Policy of Education is made in early 2006, NGOs would voice out their concern and ask the Chief Executive to fulfill his promise in the election for the 2nd term that ‘create and construct Macao to be a Learning Society’ is as important as satisfying the human resources needs voiced out by the foreign investors .
           When the Government had better revenue from the taxation from the casino industry, the government had done something good to the Education sector, including 15 years of free education till senior secondary education as well as to increase subsidy to adult, continuing and community educational courses up to maximum of 80% of the course fee. 
           The New Education Law which publicized in early 2007 (passed at the end of 2006) has concretized that Community Education is one of the 3 elements of Lifelong Learning together with School and Family. Policy in 2006, 2007 and 2008 all have shown the willingness of Macau government to construct ‘Learning Society’ or ‘Learning City’ in Macau. But unfortunately, there is not a schedule to implement this willingness. There are voices from NGOs in Macau asking the government to set a timetable for Macau to construct ‘Learning Society’, but they are despair that till now there is not yet a plan to make such a timetable.
           In 2011, Macao Education Directorate is undergoing a ‘10 – year development plan’ consultation. In the first draft, learning society was not even mentioned. With the objection voices of the NGOs, the final draft has included learning society into the document.
           However, only one Directorate inside the Macao S.A.R. government to take a lead for the magnificent construction of ‘Learning Society / City’ in fact is a mission impossible. Educational NGOs are proposing to the Chief Executive that Learning Society “....needs the coordination and cooperation with all sectors, especially sectors of economy, culture, environmental protection, law, labor ...etc.”  In fact, Ministry of Education, P.R. China in Sept.2014 including: 1. Central Civilization office, 2. National Development and Reform Committee, 3. Ministry of Civil Affair, 4.Ministry of Finance, 5. Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security, 6. Ministry of Culture, had joined hand with other 6 ministries to give out comments on promoting to construction of Learning Cities in China.
           Concrete suggestions would be : 1. To have a new Coordination Office under the Chief Executive  or 2. to let the Secretary for Social and Cultural Affairs (who is also in-charge of Education) to chair a special committee on ‘construction of learning society’ and all related directorates and NGOs send representatives to sit in this committee to make the ideology come true.

REFERENCES
1. Edmund Ho (1999). Policy on Macao S.A.R. for Election of Chief Executive, the part on "Education, youth and Profession" 

2. Macao S.A.R. Government (2000). "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy for the Financial Year of 2000", from the website http://www.gov.mo  

3. Macao S.A.R. Government (2001). "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy for the Financial Year of 2001", from the website http://www.gov.mo  

4. Macao S.A.R. Government (2002). "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy for the Financial Year of 2002", from the website http://www.gov.mo  

5. Macao S.A.R. Government (2003). "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy for the Financial Year of 2003", from the website http://www.gov.mo  

6. Macao S.A.R. Government (2004). "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy for the Financial Year of 2004", from the website http://www.gov.mo  

7. Macao S.A.R. Government (2005) "Macao S.A.R.Government Policy for the Financial Year of 2005" from the website http:// www.gov.mo  

8. MacaoS.A.R. Government (2006) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2006" from the website http:// www.gov.mo 
9. Directorate of Services for Education and Youth (1992) "Legislation on Education System of Macau Law No.9/2006 ". 
10. MacaoS.A.R. Government (2007) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2007" from the website http:// www.gov.mo

11.MacaoS.A.R. Government (2008) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2008" from the website http:// www.gov.mo 

12.MacaoS.A.R. Government (2009) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2009" from the website http:// www.gov.mo

13.MacaoS.A.R. Government (2010) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2010" from the website http:// www.gov.mo

14.MacaoS.A.R. Government (2011) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2011" from the website http:// www.gov.mo
15.MacaoS.A.R. Government (2012) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2012" from the website http:// www.gov.mo
16.MacaoS.A.R. Government (2013) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2013" from the website http:// www.gov.mo
17.MacaoS.A.R. Government (2014) "Macao S.A.R. Government Policy Address for the Financial Year of 2014" from the website http:// www.gov.mo
18. Directorate of Services for Education and Youth (1996) "Legislation on Education System of Macau" Decree Law No. 32/95/M, pp183-190 

19.Lu Lan-Chin (2003). "School that opened for Community-Experience of TagmagniniBarabosa Primary School" !V Paper presented in the Seminar on Community Education and lifelong learning held in Macau (September 26-28, 2003) 

20. Law No.9/2006 passed on 26th December , 2006 on "System on Non-Higher Education".
21. Comments on Promoting the Constructions of Learning City in China "No.10 document of Adult & Vocational Education " Ministry of Education , P.R. China.